فصلنامه نظریه های کاربردی اقتصاد
سال هفتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 25، تابستان 1399)

The main purpose of this article is to evaluate Iran`s tax system efficiency through tax elasticity and buoyancy indexes. In doing so, buoyancy was estimated using income and tax basis data for various taxes during 1980-2015 through ARDL and ECM model and then, tax elasticity was estimated through tax policy control. Eventually, buoyancy estimation sensitivity was evaluated relative inflation and business cycles. Results suggest that in long term buoyancy and elasticity for various taxes are almost equal. But in short terms, elasticity is greater than buoyancy. According to this fact, tax policies do not play a significant role in tax income increment, and tax income increases due to tax basis growth. Also, inflation only affects buoyancy rate in short terms, and long term buoyancy is independent from the inflation changes. Additionally, direct taxes are not flexible in terms of business cycles, and tax is merely showing a cycle compatible behavior towards commodities and services.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the Balassa-Samuelson hypothesis, with an emphasis on the ratio of skilled to unskilled labour. In order to, the Balassa-Samuelson hypothesis was tested using the non-linear Markov-switching method during the period 1973-2016, for Iran economy. Using the Akaike information criterion, MSMAH(2)-AR(3) model was selected as the optimal model, to examine the effect of productivity on the real effective exchange rate. The results showed that the effect of productivity on the real exchange rate was split into two regimes, during the studied period, so that the effect of productivity on the real exchange rate was equal to -0.59 in the regime zero and it was equal to -0.84 in the regime one. So the regime zero is a regime in which the impact of productivity on the real exchange rate is low and the regime one is a regime in which the impact of productivity on the real exchange rate is high. In general, it is observed that the effect of productivity on the real effective exchange rate is negative and significant in both regimes for Iran economy with relative abundance of unskilled labour and the Balassa-Samuelson hypothesis does not hold in any of the two regimes.

The conflict between the increase in production welfare and the decrease in welfare due to negative environmental externalities has called into question the idea of maximizing welfare as a result of increased production and has provided the ground for further studies. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the pathways of economic growth when pollution externality is produced by using of a dynamic system model. The model assumes that some of the income will be expenditure to reduce pollution. The positive effect of utility and the negative effect of pollution are reflected in the welfare function. In the present study, the trend of variables over a period of 50 years is examined. The simulation results show that with increasing investment in improving environmental quality to reduce pollution, pollution and the present value of pollution damage increases and the present value of utility and accumulated welfare decreases. Therefore, policymakers should pay particular attention to environmental pollution and their environmental damages and increase the rate of investment in environmental pollution control. Because the rate of increase in pollution is higher than the rate of increase in investment in pollution control.

In recent years, there has been a strong push to establish operational budgeting to set clear goals for activities in government agencies. Thus, universities, as executive agencies in the governmental financial system, are obligated to implement operational budgeting. One of the main objectives for imposing operational budgeting is making the subunits responsible as well as a fair distribution of budget through cost and revenue allocation. A game theory approach is presented for a better allocation of budget to sub-sectors in a university. More precisely, budget allocation is modeled as a co-operative game with departments as the players where their benefits form the characteristic function. First, the core concept is applied for the allocation, so all players’ interests are saved to guarantee the continuation of their collaboration. Then, regarding the possibility of no-existence of the core, the nucleolus is applied to minimize the players’ dissatisfaction. Finally, the novel suggested method in the paper is applied in a university where the results are per experts’ expectations to a good amount.

The main purpose of the present study is to investigate the effect of government economic policy uncertainty on economic growth in terms of the development of financial markets during the period 1978-2018 in the framework of a nonlinear model. To estimate the uncertainty, the novel Generalized Autoregressive Score model, and to estimate the effect of government expenditures uncertainty on economic growth in terms of capital market development, the Smooth Transition Autoregressive model has been used. The results of this study show that the government spending uncertainty in the first regime (low levels of investment) has a negative impact and in the second regime (high levels of investment) has a positive effect on economic growth. In the first regime, with the development of the capital market, the negative impact of uncertainty on economic growth has been neutralized. While in the second regime, the development of the capital market has not been able to maintain the positive effect of uncertainty on economic growth and the uncertainty of government spending in terms of capital market development has a negative impact on economic growth. As a result, the country's capital market is unable to take advantage of high levels of investment to reduce government uncertainty on economic growth.

It is important to examine the dynamics of prices for industrial commodities in different periods of time, because fluctuations in commodity prices can be posed as a serious problem in policy making. The fluctuation in the price of industrial goods can also affect the production of various sectors of the economy. Therefore, the relationship between the factors affecting the price of industrial goods is very important. Monetary policy shocks are among the factors that can affect the price of industrial commodities. Therefore, identifying as accurately as possible the factors affecting price changes, as well as the exact trend of monetary policies and examining the impact shocks, can help policymakers in many sectors. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of monetary policy shocks on the price dynamics of industrial commodities group in Iran using SVAR method during the time period of 2008-1 to 2017-4. The statistical population of the study is the macroeconomic sector of Iran and the commodities selected in this study include aluminum, copper, gold, rebar, beams and zinc. The results showed that in the long run, the greatest impact on the commodities by credits. Finally, it can be said that increasing the amount of credits paid to the industrial sector in order to provide the necessary capital to expand the production centers of industry and achieve a stable situation in the price of industrial goods are among the policies that can be effective to improve the situation.

The agricultural sector plays an essential role in the national economy of each country. Today, methods used to determine the pattern of crop rotation with crop risk are often used to increase farmers' well-being and maximize their profits. In the present study, the aim of developing an optimal model of cultivating agricultural crops in risk conditions in Sistan province, Sistan and Baluchestan province, is based on the cross sectional data of 2016-2017 years. For this purpose, the integrated model of goal programmin and the Focus-Loos model was developed. The results showed that in the lands of more than 3 hectares, the gross income in Zabol, Zahak and Hirmand regions was 1954567, 1324568 and 1245751 tomans, and Loss in Zabol and Hirmand region, respectively, were 351254 and 253698.45 USD per hectare, respectively And these results indicate that by increasing the area of aquaculture, farms will select production patterns with a few limited products, and the smaller the farm, the greater the variety of cultivated products will be to reduce the income risk. In all sample farms, the gross income earned is higher than the household's needs for basic needs and can make more investment with it. It is suggested that by implementing the policy of integrating small farms in the Sistan region, it will increase the gross income of farmers and also make optimal use of inputs.

The purpose of this study is to examine the response of charity to tax incentives using tax returns submitted by real individuals. Since governments use tax incentive policies to attract voluntary contributions from the private sector to reduce costs, in this study, it has been tried while addressing the concept of altruistic forgiveness and tax incentives, the altruistic forgiveness in the moral economy and the effect of tax incentives on it to be investigated by using panel data during the period of 2009-2016 in eight cities of Tabriz, Isfahan, Shiraz, Urmia, Mashhad, Ahvaz, Rasht and Arak. The results of the research confirm that there is a positive and significant relationship between the income of individuals, the giving cost and age with altruistic forgiveness; this means that by increasing the income of individuals, the giving cost and age, altruistic forgiveness increases. Since a large number of job-seekers are in the middle and lower income classes and in the current situation, this group pays more for charity than the high-income group, so the cost or the price of aid should be reduced to encourage this group. On the other hand, income elasticity is 0.85 and the elasticity of giving cost is 0.06 which reflects the coordination between income and price and its effect on altruistic forgiveness. In the following, the response of charity to tax incentives using tax elasticity indicates that there is a negative and significant relationship between the tax and altruistic forgiveness.

The main purpose of this article is to study the transmission of systemic risk from a particular mutual fund to the rest of the mutual funds in Iran Capital Market. Applying the multivariate GARCH model with the Dynamic and constant Conditional Correlation method, we examine the correlation structure of daily net return of the mutual fund portfolios during the period from March 21st, 2011 to March 21nd, 2020. We find the hypothesis of the existence of systemic risk in Iran Capital Market cannot be rejected and the results indicate that the mutual funds are subject to the systemic risk. According to the estimation results of the model, in which Delta δ is significantly positive), it is expected that the conditional correlation among mutual funds to increases following the initial shock in their return series. Also, since the significant Gama coefficient is less than one but very close to it , we could expect long-lasting shocks and persistent uncertainties. The study suggests some managerial solutions for developing a prudential regulation policy to prevent and control systemic risk and to mitigate its effect. Such solution necessitates the establishment of institutions crucial for capital market development, including rating agencies, asset management companies, investment adviser Institutes, and regulation and regulatory agencies as well.

Nowadays, by increasing development of societies, the demand for various types of energy, including electricity, has increased significantly. Therefore, it seems necessary to pay attention to energy efficiency, especially electricity. Due to the existence of several power plants throughout the country, as well as the high cost of establishing, repairing, maintaining and supplying new power plant components, calculating the efficiency of existing power plants and ranking them and comparing them with each other in terms of efficiency can be a useful step to make the most of the existing production capacity of existing power plants and bring them to the highest possible level of efficiency and productivity. There are a variety of methods for calculating the efficiency and ranking of decision making units (DMUs), one of the most important of them is data envelopment analysis (DEA), especially the super-efficiency method. In this paper, the efficiency of Iran's thermal power plants in 2016 has been ranked using the super efficiency model.